Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions

Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions

Great discrepancies are often encountered between the distance fixation and the near-fixation esodeviations and exodeviations. They are all attributed to either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. We report a case with pseudoconvergence insufficiency and another one with pseudoaccommodative convergence excess. In both cases, conv./div. ...

Convergence Insufficiency

Types of Convergence (1) Voluntary Convergence – Amount of Convergence of visual axes that can be produced at will (2) Reflex convergence Convergence of visual axes which is not under complete voluntary control and it has four components – a. Tonic convergence – Due to inherent innervational tone of extra ocular muscles. b. Fusional convergence -The convergence that is produced to ensure that s...

Cloning Facts and Fictions

Facts and fictions

"We must always think about things, and we must think about things as they are, not as they are said to be"-George Bernard Shaw "Every man has a right to his opinion, but no man has a right to be wrong in his facts."-Bernard M. Baruch "The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence whatever that it is not utterly absurd, indeed, in view of the silliness of the majority of mankind,...

Systematic Errors: Facts and Fictions

The treatment of systematic errors is often mishandled. This is due to lack of understanding and education, based on a fundamental ambiguity as to what is meant by the term. This note addresses the problems and offers guidance to good practice. 1 RIVAL DEFINITIONS: UNCERTAINTY AND MISTAKE 1.1 Random Uncertainties and Mistakes The word error is used in several ways. The everyday dictionary defin...